Table 1 Characteristics of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with different blood glucose level trajectories
Variables | Total (N = 2432) | Blood glucose level trajectories | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 (N = 1946) | Type 2 (N = 365) | Type 3 (N = 76) | Type 4 (N = 45) | |||
Age, years, Mean (± SD) | 66.96 (± 15.79) | 67.26 (± 16.15) | 65.08 (± 14.22) | 68.67 (± 14.09) | 66.63 (± 14.09) | 0.048 |
Gender, n (%) | 0.015 | |||||
Female | 1209 (49.71) | 975 (50.10) | 174 (47.67) | 46 (60.53) | 14 (31.11) | |
Male | 1223 (50.29) | 971 (49.90) | 191 (52.33) | 30 (39.47) | 31 (68.89) | |
Race, n (%) | 0.806 | |||||
White | 1541 (63.36) | 1243 (63.87) | 220 (60.27) | 48 (63.16) | 30 (66.67) | |
Black | 243 (9.99) | 186 (9.56) | 44 (12.05) | 8 (10.53) | 5 (11.11) | |
Other | 250 (10.28) | 204 (10.48) | 33 (9.04) | 9 (11.84) | 4 (8.89) | |
Unknown | 398 (16.37) | 313 (16.08) | 68 (18.63) | 11 (14.47) | 6 (13.33) | |
Admission type, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Neuro ICU | 309 (12.71) | 266 (13.67) | 35 (9.59) | 5 (6.58) | 3 (6.67) | |
Cardiac ICU | 584 (24.01) | 466 (23.95) | 91 (24.93) | 22 (28.95) | 5 (11.11) | |
SICU | 1039 (42.72) | 867 (44.55) | 134 (36.71) | 22 (28.95) | 16 (35.56) | |
Other | 500 (20.56) | 347 (17.83) | 105 (28.77) | 27 (35.53) | 21 (46.67) | |
Heart rate, bpm, Mean (± SD) | 85.70 (± 19.86) | 84.41 (± 19.38) | 91.06 (± 20.54) | 94.92 (± 22.27) | 82.42 (± 19.64) | < 0.001 |
Systolic, mmHg, Mean (± SD) | 134.23 (± 28.43) | 134.49 (± 28.07) | 134.45 (± 30.16) | 126.84 (± 24.55) | 133.92 (± 34.18) | 0.077 |
Diastolic, mmHg, Mean (± SD) | 71.09 (± 18.73) | 70.99 (± 18.32) | 72.72 (± 20.76) | 65.68 (± 18.75) | 71.62 (± 17.17) | 0.039 |
MAP, mmHg, Mean (± SD) | 92.14 (± 19.21) | 92.15 (± 18.78) | 93.30 (± 21.24) | 86.07 (± 18.47) | 92.39 (± 20.05) | 0.030 |
Respiratory rate, insp/min, Mean (± SD) | 19.02 (± 6.01) | 18.60 (± 5.74) | 20.89 (± 6.98) | 20.26 (± 6.07) | 20.07 (± 5.74) | < 0.001 |
Temperature, Deg.C, Mean (± SD) | 36.67 (± 0.95) | 36.65 (± 0.89) | 36.74 (± 1.09) | 36.75 (± 1.52) | 36.81 (± 0.67) | 0.249 |
Sepsis, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 2067 (84.99) | 1689 (86.79) | 283 (77.53) | 62 (81.58) | 33 (73.33) | |
Yes | 365 (15.01) | 257 (13.21) | 82 (22.47) | 14 (18.42) | 12 (26.67) | |
Cardiogenic shock, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 2314 (95.15) | 1871 (96.15) | 333 (91.23) | 69 (90.79) | 41 (91.11) | |
Yes | 118 (4.85) | 75 (3.85) | 32 (8.77) | 7 (9.21) | 4 (8.89) | |
Diabetes, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1626 (66.86) | 1460 (75.03) | 124 (33.97) | 25 (32.89) | 17 (37.78) | |
Yes | 806 (33.14) | 486 (24.97) | 241 (66.03) | 51 (67.11) | 28 (62.22) | |
Anemia, n (%) | 0.709 | |||||
No | 773 (31.78) | 622 (31.96) | 115 (31.51) | 20 (26.32) | 16 (35.56) | |
Yes | 1659 (68.22) | 1324 (68.04) | 250 (68.49) | 56 (73.68) | 29 (64.44) | |
Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 0.085 | |||||
No | 1524 (62.66) | 1195 (61.41) | 246 (67.40) | 52 (68.42) | 31 (68.89) | |
Yes | 908 (37.34) | 751 (38.59) | 119 (32.60) | 24 (31.58) | 14 (31.11) | |
SAPSII, Mean (± SD) | 38.69 (± 13.82) | 37.26 (± 13.12) | 43.54 (± 14.71) | 46.92 (± 16.51) | 47.53 (± 14.27) | < 0.001 |
SOFA, Mean (± SD) | 5.67 (± 3.74) | 5.25 (± 3.47) | 7.28 (± 4.21) | 7.04 (± 4.66) | 8.38 (± 4.28) | < 0.001 |
GCS, n (%) | 0.510 | |||||
<13 | 1017 (41.82) | 802 (41.21) | 164 (44.93) | 34 (44.74) | 17 (37.78) | |
≥13 | 1415 (58.18) | 1144 (58.79) | 201 (55.07) | 42 (55.26) | 28 (62.22) | |
CCI, Mean (± SD) | 5.06 (± 2.67) | 4.97 (± 2.71) | 5.25 (± 2.41) | 5.99 (± 2.59) | 5.69 (± 2.56) | 0.001 |
SPO2, %, M (Q₁, Q₃) | 99.00 (96.00, 100.00) | 99.00 (96.00, 100.00) | 99.00 (96.00, 100.00) | 99.00 (95.00, 100.00) | 97.00 (94.00, 99.00) | < 0.001 |
WBC, K/uL, M (Q₁, Q₃) | 11.50 (8.30, 15.10) | 11.20 (8.20, 14.60) | 13.00 (9.50, 17.30) | 12.05 (9.78, 16.77) | 12.60 (8.50, 19.10) | < 0.001 |
Platelet, K/uL, M (Q₁, Q₃) | 203.00 (148.00, 269.00) | 201.00 (148.25, 264.00) | 209.00 (139.00, 286.00) | 209.50 (163.00, 260.50) | 220.00 (160.00, 280.00) | 0.554 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL, Mean (± SD) | 11.20 (± 2.35) | 11.19 (± 2.34) | 11.35 (± 2.35) | 10.47 (± 2.66) | 11.77 (± 2.40) | 0.010 |
RDW, %, Mean (± SD) | 14.73 (± 2.10) | 14.75 (± 2.14) | 14.61 (± 1.84) | 14.94 (± 2.34) | 14.75 (± 1.89) | 0.540 |
Hematocrit, %, Mean (± SD) | 33.68 (± 6.84) | 33.61 (± 6.77) | 34.27 (± 6.91) | 31.82 (± 7.91) | 35.16 (± 6.72) | 0.014 |
Blood creatinine, mg/dL, M (Q₁, Q₃) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.40) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.30) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.50) | 1.30 (0.90, 1.92) | 1.40 (1.10, 2.40) | < 0.001 |
BUN, mg/dL, Mean (± SD) | 24.82 (± 19.17) | 23.66 (± 18.32) | 27.35 (± 19.25) | 33.42 (± 22.39) | 40.02 (± 32.82) | < 0.001 |
Magnesium, mg/dL, M (Q₁, Q₃) | 1.90 (1.70, 2.20) | 1.90 (1.70, 2.20) | 1.90 (1.60, 2.10) | 1.90 (1.70, 2.02) | 1.90 (1.80, 2.10) | < 0.001 |
INR, M (Q₁, Q₃) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.40) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.40) | 1.20 (1.10, 1.50) | 1.30 (1.12, 1.72) | 1.30 (1.20, 1.40) | 0.024 |
PT, sec, M (Q₁, Q₃) | 13.70 (12.40, 15.70) | 13.70 (12.40, 15.60) | 13.80 (12.50, 16.20) | 14.29 (12.57, 17.98) | 14.20 (12.70, 15.40) | 0.108 |
Anion gap, mEq/L, Mean (± SD) | 14.94 (± 4.10) | 14.38 (± 3.70) | 17.04 (± 4.79) | 17.62 (± 5.15) | 17.58 (± 3.99) | < 0.001 |
Urine output, mL, M (Q₁, Q₃) | 1578.50 (999.75, 2380.00) | 1590.00 (1050.00, 2380.00) | 1580.00 (830.00, 2405.00) | 1144.50 (671.75, 2197.50) | 1570.00 (845.00, 2425.00) | 0.005 |
Ventilation, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 654 (26.89) | 556 (28.57) | 67 (18.36) | 26 (34.21) | 5 (11.11) | |
Yes | 1778 (73.11) | 1390 (71.43) | 298 (81.64) | 50 (65.79) | 40 (88.89) | |
Vasopressor, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 1337 (54.98) | 1117 (57.40) | 168 (46.03) | 39 (51.32) | 13 (28.89) | |
Yes | 1095 (45.02) | 829 (42.60) | 197 (53.97) | 37 (48.68) | 32 (71.11) | |
Anticoagulants, n (%) | 0.004 | |||||
No | 1158 (47.62) | 952 (48.92) | 149 (40.82) | 42 (55.26) | 15 (33.33) | |
Yes | 1274 (52.38) | 994 (51.08) | 216 (59.18) | 34 (44.74) | 30 (66.67) | |
Antiplatelet agents, n (%) | 0.018 | |||||
No | 2431 (99.96) | 1946 (100.00) | 365 (100.00) | 76 (100.00) | 44 (97.78) | |
Yes | 1 (0.04) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (2.22) | |
Statins, n (%) | 0.235 | |||||
No | 1143 (47.00) | 913 (46.92) | 164 (44.93) | 39 (51.32) | 27 (60.00) | |
Yes | 1289 (53.00) | 1033 (53.08) | 201 (55.07) | 37 (48.68) | 18 (40.00) | |
Insulin, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 446 (18.34) | 406 (20.86) | 29 (7.95) | 8 (10.53) | 3 (6.67) | |
Yes | 1986 (81.66) | 1540 (79.14) | 336 (92.05) | 68 (89.47) | 42 (93.33) | |
Thrombectomy, n (%) | 0.146 | |||||
No | 2378 (97.78) | 1907 (98.00) | 351 (96.16) | 75 (98.68) | 45 (100.00) | |
Yes | 54 (2.22) | 39 (2.00) | 14 (3.84) | 1 (1.32) | 0 (0.00) | |
Thrombolysis, n (%) | 0.488 | |||||
No | 2307 (94.86) | 1841 (94.60) | 348 (95.34) | 75 (98.68) | 43 (95.56) | |
Yes | 125 (5.14) | 105 (5.40) | 17 (4.66) | 1 (1.32) | 2 (4.44) | |
Glucose, mg/dL, M (Q₁, Q₃) | 136.00 (110.00, 178.00) | 126.50 (106.00, 150.00) | 232.00 (188.00, 280.00) | 355.50 (300.00, 476.00) | 212.00 (161.00, 355.00) | < 0.001 |
Glucose, mg/dL, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
<140 | 1294 (53.21) | 1251 (64.29) | 30 (8.22) | 4 (5.26) | 9 (20.00) | |
140–200 | 715 (29.40) | 614 (31.55) | 89 (24.38) | 1 (1.32) | 11 (24.44) | |
≥200 | 423 (17.39) | 81 (4.16) | 246 (67.40) | 71 (93.42) | 25 (55.56) | |
Status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Survival or Censored | 1858 (76.40) | 1531 (78.67) | 247 (67.67) | 50 (65.79) | 30 (66.67) | |
Dead | 574 (23.60) | 415 (21.33) | 118 (32.33) | 26 (34.21) | 15 (33.33) | |