Fig. 8

This illustration summarizes the systemic metabolic effects of semaglutide treatment and its specific impact on the cerebral microenvironment in an experimental animal model of metabolic syndrome. Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA), has profound metabolic benefits. It induces weight loss, reduces adipose tissue, lowers fasting glycemia, and decreases levels of insulin, leptin, resistin, and triglycerides. These systemic actions are accompanied by significant cerebral effects, particularly an enhancement in the coverage of astrocytes on brain vessels. This improvement suggests a healthy blood–brain barrier, which reduces inflammation and promotes neurogenesis. The increased cortical capillary density further implies improved cerebral blood flow and nutrient delivery. Together, these findings emphasize the dual role of semaglutide in modulating metabolism and protecting the brain, highlighting its therapeutic potential for conditions characterized by metabolic dysregulation and blood–brain barrier dysfunction