Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the baseline population
From: Abnormal insulin metabolism and decreased levels of mindfulness in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Total N = 157(100%) | Low HOMA-IR High HOMA-β N = 30(28%)1 | High HOMA-IR High HOMA-β N = 49(31%)1 | High HOMA-IR Low HOMA-β N = 31(29%)1 | Low HOMA-IR Low HOMA-β N = 47(44%)1 | P Value (FDR Corrected) 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 54 ± 11 | 55 ± 9 | 50 ± 11 | 58 ± 11 | 57 ± 10 | 0.001 |
Gender | 0.500 | |||||
male | 100(64%) | 22(73%) | 32(65%) | 17(55%) | 29(62%) | |
female | 57(36%) | 8(27%) | 17(35%) | 14(45%) | 18(38%) | |
Educational attainment | 0.004 | |||||
primary and below | 22(14%) | 1(3.3%) | 4(8.2%) | 6(19%) | 11(23%) | |
middle school | 100(64%) | 22(73%) | 26(53%) | 22(71%) | 30(64%) | |
university and above | 35(22%) | 7(23%) | 19(39%) | 3(9.7%) | 6(13%) | |
Smoke | 0.200 | |||||
no | 99(63%) | 19(63%) | 27(55%) | 24(77%) | 29(62%) | |
yes | 58(37%) | 11(37%) | 22(45%) | 7(23%) | 18(38%) | |
Drink | 0.200 | |||||
no | 113(72%) | 19(63%) | 35(71%) | 24(77%) | 35(74%) | |
yes | 44(28%) | 11(37%) | 14(29%) | 7(23%) | 12(26%) | |
Duration of T2DM ( years) | 0.013 | |||||
< 1 | 52(33%) | 4(13%) | 20(41%) | 14(45%) | 14(30%) | |
1–5 | 39(25%) | 6(20%) | 18(37%) | 5(16%) | 10(21%) | |
5–10 | 19(12%) | 7(23%) | 8(16%) | 4(13%) | 5(11%) | |
> 10 | 47(30%) | 13(43%) | 8(16%) | 8(26%) | 18(38%) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | |||||
< 25 | 65(41%) | 19(63%) | 9(18%) | 11(35%) | 26(55%) | |
25–30 | 70(45%) | 1(3.3%) | 26(53%) | 14(45%) | 20(43%) | |
≥ 30 | 22(14%) | 10(33%) | 14(29%) | 6(19%) | 1(2.1%) | |
HbA1c(%) | 10(8,11) | 7(6,8) | 9(7,10) | 12(10,12) | 11(9,12) | < 0.001 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 11.0 ± 4.2 | 6.8 ± 1.1 | 10.6 ± 3.4 | 15.9 ± 3.7 | 10.9 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 |
Total mindfulness | 124 ± 12 | 132 ± 11 | 124 ± 12 | 121 ± 12 | 121 ± 11 | 0.001 |
Observing | 21 ± 6 | 21 ± 6 | 21 ± 5 | 22 ± 7 | 20 ± 7 | 0.700 |
Describing | 24 ± 6 | 26 ± 6 | 25 ± 7 | 23 ± 6 | 22 ± 5 | 0.010 |
Non-judging of inner experience | 27 ± 6 | 29 ± 5 | 25 ± 6 | 25 ± 5 | 28 ± 6 | 0.021 |
Non-reactivity to inner experience | 23 ± 4 | 24 ± 5 | 22 ± 4 | 22 ± 3 3 | 24 ± 4 | 0.300 |
Acting with awareness | 30 ± 5 | 32 ± 5 | 30 ± 5 | 27 ± 4 | 29 ± 6 | 0.002 |