Table 3 Very low carbohydrate diet (≤ 50 g/day or < 10% total energy intake) quantitative studies outcomes quality of life section the reference for Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany reported as number [20]. Corrected to [11]
Author, year, country | Pre intervention | Post intervention | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Primary outcome | |||
HbA1c (%) | |||
Buehler et al. 2021, USA [9] | 7.7 ± NR | 5.5 ± NR | NR |
Eiswirth, Clark & Diamond, 2018, UK [10] | 7.5 ± NR | 5.3 ± NR | NR |
Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany [11] | 7.2 ± NR | 5.1 ± NR | NR |
Kleiner et al. 2022, Italy [12] | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 6.8 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
Kwiendacz et al. 2019, Poland [13] | 6.4 ± NR | 5.4 ± NR | NR |
aO’Neill et al. 2003, USA [14] | 6.8 ± 1.1 | 5.5 ± 0.8 | NR |
Raab, 2003, Australia [15] | 8.4 ± NR | 5.6 ± NR | NR |
Ranjan et al. 2017, Denmark [16] | 7.0 ± 0.6 | 6.2 ± 0.4 | NR |
aVernon et al. 2003, USA [17] | 16.8 ± NR | 5.3 ± NR | NR |
Secondary outcomes | |||
Bolus insulin (units/day) | |||
Buehler et al. 2021, USA [9] | 33 ± NR | 1 ± NR | NR |
Eiswirth, Clark & Diamond, 2018, UK [10] | NR | NR | NR |
Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany [11] | 20–24 ± NR | 12.5 ± NR | NR |
Kleiner et al. 2022, Italy [12] | 18.3 ± 9.5 | 10.3 ± 6.5 | < 0.001 |
Kwiendacz et al. 2019, Poland [13] | NR | 14.4 ± NR | NR |
aO’Neill et al. 2003, USA [14] | NR | NR | NR |
Raab, 2003, Australia [15] | NR | NR | NR |
Ranjan et al. 2017, Denmark [16] | 16.3 ± 7.9 | 6.6 ± 1.8 | 0.001 |
aVernon et al. 2003, USA [17] | NR | NR | NR |
Weight (kg) | |||
Buehler et al. 2021, USA [9] | NR | NR | NR |
Eiswirth, Clark & Diamond, 2018, UK [10] | NR | Decreased by 3 | NR |
Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany [11] | 61 ± NR | 61 ± NR | NR |
Kleiner et al. 2022, Italy [12] | 68.9 ± 13.5 | 66.0 ± 6.8 | NS |
Kwiendacz et al. 2019, Poland [13] | NR | 62 ± NR | NR |
aO’Neill et al. 2003, USA [14] | NR | NR | NR |
Raab, 2003, Australia [15] | 84.0 ± NR | 72 ± NR | NR |
Ranjan et al. 2017, Denmark [16] | 75.2 ± 11.7 | 72.9 ± 10.3 | NR |
aVernon et al. 2003, USA [17] | 61.2 ± NR | 69.4 ± NR | NR |
Quality of life (participant reported) | |||
Buehler et al. 2021, USA [9] | NR | NR | NR |
Eiswirth, Clark & Diamond, 2018, UK [10] | NR | Improved | NR |
Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany [11] | NR | Improved | NR |
Kleiner et al. 2022, Italy [12] | NR | NR | NR |
Kwiendacz et al. 2019, Poland [13] | NR | NR | NR |
aO’Neill et al. 2003, USA [14] | NR | NR | NR |
Raab, 2003, Australia [15] | NR | Improved | NR |
Ranjan et al. 2017, Denmark [16] | NR | NR | NR |
aVernon et al. 2003, USA [17] | NR | NR | NR |